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一 | 你可能知道冬虫夏草是“僵尸真菌”--这是有道理的。

二 | 它的名字来自希腊语和拉丁语，意思是 “棒头”，许多自然纪录片都关注它感染某些昆虫的能力，最有名的是蚂蚁，并真正地“劫持”它们的身体。 CARACAS, Venezuela -- Early returns in the Venezuelan opposition's presidential primary gave a big lead to former legislator Maria Corina Machado early Monday, and she quickly claimed victory as the voters' choice to lead the campaign to end the decade-long, crisis-ridden presidency of Nicolás Maduro. The independent National Primary Commission, which organized the primary, did not release any results until long after polling stations closed Sunday, blaming internet censorship. The organizers said that in the first 601,110 ballots counted, about 93% picked Machado, who had entered the vote as a strong front-runner. The rest of the votes were scattered among the other nine candidates. There was no indication of how many people cast ballots in all, and organizers were expected to release additional results throughout Monday.“Today, very powerful forces have been unleashed," Machado told supporters gathered outside her campaign headquarters in the capital, Caracas. “Today, we have shown ourselves what we are capable of doing in the face of all the obstacles, in the face of all the abuses.”Holding Venezuela’s first presidential primary since 2012 required the deeply fractured opposition to work together. Venezuelans, in turn, showed up at voting centers in and outside of their homeland to make it count, enthusiastically lining up for hours despite scorching sun and torrential rain.Still, what they saw as a monumental exercise in democracy could still prove futile, if Maduro’s government wishes.While the administration agreed in principle to let the opposition choose its candidate for the 2024 presidential election, it also has already barred Machado from running for office. Maduro’s government has in the past bent the law, retaliated against opponents and breached agreements as it sees fit.Hundreds of people gathered at voting centers in neighborhoods across Caracas even before polls opened. They stayed in line despite a rainstorm that left them soaking wet. They carried umbrellas, folding stools and coffee to ease the expected waits, and leaned against buildings or stood under marquees to try to avoid the rain. Caracas resident Stephanie Aguilar, 34, cried while she waited to vote. She described the primary as the only “salvation” for her country, her daughter and son, and the millions of Venezuelans who decided they had to emigrate due to the nation’s economic and political turmoil. “We want a better country, a free country, for my children ... who have grown up in this government,” Aguilar, a housewife, said as she wiped tears from her face. “They ask, ‘Mom, can we go out to eat?’ No, there is no money. ‘Mom, can we do this thing?’ No, there is no money. It is unfortunate that a society grows up under those conditions.”Venezuelans typically vote at public schools, but the independent commission that oversaw the primary opted to use homes, churches, private schools and other facilities after electoral authorities did not respond to requests for help in a timely manner.Jesús María Casal, head of the National Primary Commission, blamed the hours-long delay in issuing election results on internet restrictions. “Once we began the process of counting the results ... we detected that our server that functioned as a transmission channel was blocked, which prevents us from completing this process as scheduled,” he said.The London-based internet monitoring firm NetBlocks tweeted metrics showing “a disruption to internet connectivity in #Venezuela with high impact to Caracas." It added that a state-owned internet service provider claimed “an issue with its energy backup system.”David Smilde, an expert on Venezuelan politics at Tulane University, said the primary was a “significant achievement” for several reasons, including forcing political leaders and parties within the opposition “to reach out and speak to the people.”“And it has generated considerable enthusiasm and mobilization in a population that has been skeptical of the opposition leadership of late,” he said.Machado, a proponent of free-market economic policies, is a longtime critic of the governing United Socialist Party of Venezuela. She maintained a somewhat low profile for years but dominated the primary campaign by connecting with the same voters she consistently urged to boycott previous elections.The presidential election is expected to be scheduled for the second half of 2024. Maduro is looking to extend his presidency until 2030, which would surpass the time that Hugo Chávez, his mentor, governed and established his self-described socialist policies.Maduro’s allies ridiculed and dismissed the primary all year. Still, both the government and its opponents used the contest as a bargaining chip to extract concessions from each other as part of a negotiation process meant to end the country’s complex social, economic and political crisis. Maduro and an opposition faction backed by the U.S. government last week agreed to work together on basic conditions for the presidential contest. That prompted the government to release six political prisoners and the Biden administration to lift key economic sanctions. As part of the agreement, Maduro’s administration and the opposition are supposed to “recognize and respect the right of each political actor to select” a presidential candidate freely.If organizers declare Machado the primary's winner, the focus will shift to Maduro to see if the government reverses its ban on her seeking public office. In June, the government issued an administrative decision prohibiting Machado from running, alleging fraud and tax violations and accusing her of seeking the economic sanctions the U.S. imposed on Venezuela in the last decade. The U.S., holding up the threat of renewed sanctions, has given Venezuela until the end of November to establish a process for reinstating all candidates expeditiously.A U.N.-backed panel investigating human rights abuses in Venezuela said last month that Maduro’s government has intensified efforts to curtail democratic freedoms ahead of the 2024 election. That includes subjecting some politicians and other opponents to detention, surveillance, threats, defamatory campaigns and arbitrary criminal proceedings.All registered voters in Venezuela were allowed to participate in the primary, as well as tens of thousands living in several other countries.“This is unprecedented,” said a smiling María de los Ángeles León, 31, the coordinator of Mexico City’s voting site. “People know that we have no guarantees that the winner of this election will be able to advance to the presidential election, but we keep trying.”___Associated Press writer María Verza in Mexico City contributed to this report.。冬虫夏草与这些蚂蚁一起进化，并使它们成为其繁殖周期中令人震惊的复杂和可怕的一部分。我们大多数人通常不会认为真菌特别聪明，但虫草真菌是一个极好的窗口，让我们了解到我们对真菌的了解有多少。当一个Ophiocordyceps unilateralis孢子感染一只蚂蚁时，它开始在蚂蚁的血液中旅行，繁殖。不久之后，这些单个细胞开始协同工作，通过管状的菌丝突起连接起来，开始交流和分享营养。然后，这些真菌菌丝开始扩散到蚂蚁的肌肉中，穿透并包围了蚂蚁全身的肌肉纤维，但有一个明显的例外。与科幻小说中的僵尸不同，虫草真菌通常让蚂蚁的大脑完全不受影响。

三 | 相反，作为一个超级有机体，真菌网络开始扼杀蚂蚁的运动神经元，直到蚂蚁完全完整的大脑或多或少地与它的身体完全隔离。

四 | 如果到目前为止，这个过程听起来令人难以置信，那么接下来发生的事情则令人感到恐惧。真菌接管了蚂蚁的身体，并开始"驾驶"它，就像你或我驾驶一辆汽车一样。

五 | 蚂蚁的运动系统相对简单，而虫草真菌在漫长的岁月中已经学会了如何操作这些腿。

六 | 这本身就是一个惊人的壮举，但真菌也清楚地知道它希望其宿主下一步去哪里。

七 | 它驱使蚂蚁找到一个垂直的植物嫩枝或树干来攀爬，靠近蚂蚁的巢穴。它驱使蚂蚁在植物上爬行约25厘米（10英寸），那里的温度和湿度最适合。它促使蚂蚁咬住一片叶子的中心茎，把它的下巴锁死，并决定蚂蚁的最后安息之地。我们无法知道蚂蚁孤立的大脑在这个过程中经历了什么，但在未来几周内，它的身体将被虫草真菌吞噬，它的头部将爆发出真菌的生殖器官，迸发出一个突起，最终扑灭一批新的真菌孢子，它们从离蚁巢不远的完美高度轻轻地飘落到森林地面，准备感染新的受害者。这种由蚂蚁操纵的生物体所表现出的可怕的真菌智慧，成为纪录片和科幻小说的杰出素材。然而，许多人没有意识到，这只是虫草真菌的一个特别可怕的物种。

八 | 研究人员知道还有750多种虫草真菌，每种虫草真菌的生命周期都围绕着一个特定的宿主--通常是昆虫幼虫--进行，其过程与上述的过程一样精细。许多西方国家的人也没有意识到，某些类型的虫草真菌--特别是冬虫夏草和蛹虫草--是许多东方医药传统中的顶级保健品，在那里它们被用于治疗疲劳、肾脏疾病、性欲低下、呼吸系统问题、高血糖和一系列其他疾病已经有几个世纪了。对于这些真菌及其成分化学品在动物和实验室模型中的影响，已经做了一定的科学研究，一些结果当然看起来很有希望。2021年《药理学前沿》杂志对同行评审的研究进行了回顾：“它的提取物和生物活性成分已经与细胞因子的产生有关，如白细胞介素和肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α，免疫细胞的吞噬刺激，通过增加诱导性一氧化氮合成酶的活性产生一氧化氮，以及通过丝裂原激活蛋白激酶的途径刺激炎症反应。其他药理活动，如抗氧化、抗癌、抗高脂血症、抗糖尿病、抗疲劳、抗衰老、低胆固醇、降血压、血管舒张、抗抑郁、壮阳和保护肾脏等，在临床前研究中都有报道。

九 | ”冬虫夏草作为一种健康、能量、免疫力和耐力的补充剂而受到欢迎，再加上其复杂的繁殖过程依赖于其他生物体，使得冬虫夏草的价格非常昂贵。虽然实验室培育的"素食"冬虫夏草CS-4提取物作为负担得起的（而且基本上不受管制）保健品在市场上广泛销售，但这些通常是在发酵的米粒上生长。据韩国忠北大学的研究人员称，问题是把冬虫夏草放在这种素食中会导致产品变差，其中一种叫做虫草素的关键生物活性化合物的含量特别低，研究人员认为这是重要的"治疗"成分。因此，研究小组开始调查，在实验室里用昆虫而不是大米作为基质培育冬虫夏草菌株，是否会提高其有用的虫草素水平。研究小组收集了六种不同的市售干昆虫，它们在韩国都被批准作为食品出售：蟋蟀、蚕蛹、黄粉虫、蚱蜢、白星花金龟幼虫和日本犀牛甲虫，并以糙米作为对照。然后，他们在上面培养了两个月的冬虫夏草，收获了真菌的子实体，并分析了每种类型的冬虫夏草素的产生量。

十 | 结果大相径庭，但所有以昆虫为基础的真菌产生的虫草素都比用大米喂养的多得多。表现最差的昆虫，即蚕蛹，产生的虫草素约为大米的三倍。

十一 | 表现最好的是日本犀牛甲虫，产生的虫草素是大米的100倍左右。研究人员设法将主要因素缩小到昆虫的脂肪含量--特别是它们的油酸水平。当油酸被添加到蚕蛹中时，它将虫草素的生产提高了50%，令人印象深刻。描述这项工作的新研究论文的高级作者Lee博士说：“这项研究中建议的冬虫夏草栽培方法将使虫草素的生产更加有效和经济。然而，确保可食用昆虫还不足以扩大到工业水平。人们还认为，通过使用其他昆虫可能会有更有效的生产，这需要通过进一步的研究加以证明。